1. What is Surface Tension?

Surface tension is the elastic tendency of a fluid surface which makes it acquire the least surface area possible. It is caused by the cohesive forces between liquid molecules at the fluid's boundary.

2. How Does the Formula Work?

The calculator uses the capillary rise formula:

Where:

• \( \gamma \) — Surface tension (N/m)
• \( \rho \) — Density of the liquid (kg/m³)
• \( g \) — Gravitational acceleration (9.8 m/s²)
• \( r \) — Radius of the capillary tube (m)
• \( h \) — Height of liquid rise (m)

Explanation: This formula calculates surface tension based on the height a liquid rises in a narrow capillary tube due to capillary action.

3. Importance of Surface Tension Calculation

Details: Surface tension calculations are important in various fields including physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering. It helps understand fluid behavior, design microfluidic devices, and study biological processes.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter density in kg/m³, radius in meters, and height in meters. All values must be valid positive numbers.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What is the typical range of surface tension values?
A: Surface tension values typically range from about 20-75 mN/m for common liquids at room temperature.

Q2: Why does water have a high surface tension?
A: Water has relatively high surface tension (72.8 mN/m at 20°C) due to strong hydrogen bonding between water molecules.

Q3: How does temperature affect surface tension?
A: Surface tension generally decreases with increasing temperature as molecular kinetic energy increases.

Q4: What are some practical applications of surface tension?
A: Applications include inkjet printing, medical diagnostics, coating processes, and the functioning of lungs where surfactant reduces surface tension.

Q5: Can this formula be used for all liquids?
A: This formula works best for Newtonian fluids with well-defined contact angles. Complex fluids may require additional considerations.